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  1. Publications
  2. Illegal Wildlife Trade
  • Snaring of Big Cats in Mainland Asia Brochure

    Snaring of Big Cats in Mainland Asia (, )

    November 18, 2022

    A new briefing from WWF and TRAFFIC finds distressing evidence of documented snaring cases involving a minimum of 387 big cats (tigers, leopards, snow leopards, and Asiatic lions) across seven Asian countries between 2012-2021, with a majority of cases documented outside protected areas.

    more info
  • Demand Under the Ban: China Ivory Consumption Research 2020 Brochure

    Demand Under the Ban: China Ivory Consumption Research 2020 (application/pdf, 13 MB)

    April 12, 2021

    In late 2020, WWF commissioned GlobeScan to conduct research to build upon previous consumer analysis to generate up-to-date insights about ivory consumption and consumer perceptions toward the ivory ban after its implementation (Dec. 31, 2017). This study follows previous research conducted by GlobeScan in 2017, 2018, and 2019 on both the pre-and post-domestic ivory ban in Mainland China.

    more info
  • Falling through the system: The role of the European captive tiger population in the trade of tigers (application/pdf, 8.87 MB)

    September 30, 2020
    more info
  • Identification Guide for Ivory and Ivory Substitutes Brochure

    Identification Guide for Ivory and Ivory Substitutes (application/pdf, 55.7 MB)

    August 11, 2020
    more info
  • Summary of findings: Opinion Survey on COVID-19 and Wildlife Trade in Five Asian Markets Brochure

    Summary of findings: Opinion Survey on COVID-19 and Wildlife Trade in Five Asian Markets (application/pdf, 631 KB)

    April 06, 2020
    more info
  • Opinion Survey on COVID-19 and Wildlife Trade in Five Asian Markets Brochure

    Opinion Survey on COVID-19 and Wildlife Trade in Five Asian Markets (application/pdf, 2.2 MB)

    April 06, 2020
    more info
  • Life on the Frontline 2019: A global survey of the working conditions of rangers Brochure

    Life on the Frontline 2019: A global survey of the working conditions of rangers (application/pdf, 13.9 MB)

    November 27, 2019

    The single most obvious thread that runs through the survey completed by patrol rangers at nearly 500 sites in 28 countries is that rangers are facing excessive safety and health risks that could be significantly reduced with the appropriate interventions.

    more info
  • Demand Under the Ban: China Ivory Consumption Research 2019 Brochure

    Demand Under the Ban: China Ivory Consumption Research 2019 (application/pdf, 22.9 MB)

    September 25, 2019

    WWF has conducted the largest consumer survey about ivory trade in China—2,000 people in 15 cities—for three consecutive years with GlobeScan, providing the best available assessment measuring changes in attitudes, purchasing and ban awareness over time.

    more info
  • Skin and Bones Unresolved: An analysis of tiger seizures from 2000-2018 Brochure

    Skin and Bones Unresolved: An analysis of tiger seizures from 2000-2018 (application/pdf, 4.38 MB)

    August 27, 2019

    Poaching and the illegal trade of tiger parts are continuing to threaten wild tiger populations. TRAFFIC’s latest report on the illegal trade in tiger parts analyzes data over a 19 year period from 2000 to 2018, providing details and statistics on trends and the urgent threats facing wild tigers.

    more info
  • Below the Canopy Brochure

    Below the Canopy (application/pdf, 3.35 MB)

    August 13, 2019

    The importance of biodiversity below the forest canopy is often underappreciated, and yet it is a crucial component of healthy functioning forest ecosystems. Below the Canopy: Plotting Global Trends in Forest Wildlife Populations is the first-ever global assessment of forest-dwelling wildlife populations and highlights the multitude of threats forest-living species are facing.

    more info
  • Ivory Trade in Japan: A Comparative Analysis Brochure

    Ivory Trade in Japan: A Comparative Analysis (application/pdf, 947 KB)

    May 08, 2019

    Japan is a country with one of the world’s largest ivory markets and flourishing domestic trade. Although Japan has taken some steps in amending its legal framework around the ivory trade, the domestic markets still remain open and are thus contributing to the illegal domestic ivory trade. This report analyzes best practices related to the commercial ivory trade in six international jurisdictions to ultimately provide a guide for how Japan can improve its legal and regulatory measures on this issue.

    more info
  • China’s Ivory Market after the Ivory Trade Ban in 2018 from TRAFFIC   Brochure

    China’s Ivory Market after the Ivory Trade Ban in 2018 from TRAFFIC (application/pdf, 2.63 MB)

    September 27, 2018

    This report provides the first analysis of trends in supply and demand for elephant ivory products in China’s markets since the new legislative changes. 

    more info
  • Understanding the Global Caviar Market Brochure

    Understanding the Global Caviar Market (application/pdf, 5.87 MB)

    July 17, 2018

    This study was intended to provide a rapid assessment of caviar trade globally. The international trade in caviar was reviewed through analysis of CITES trade data and analysis of caviar seizure data.

    more info
  • Factsheet: Demand under the Ban – China Ivory Consumption Research  Brochure

    Factsheet: Demand under the Ban – China Ivory Consumption Research (application/pdf, 249 KB)

    December 12, 2017

    A summary  of the largest-ever ivory consumer survey, which identifies target consumer groups, products and drivers of elephant ivory consumption that need to be addressed as a priority to ensure that China’s recent ivory ban is effective.  

    more info
  • Demand Under the Ban: China Ivory Consumption Research (2017) Brochure

    Demand Under the Ban: China Ivory Consumption Research (2017) (application/pdf, 7.47 MB)

    December 11, 2017

    This report presents the results from an extensive and comprehensive research study conducted among consumers in
    Mainland China between June to November 2017 on the topic of reducing demand for ivory.

    more info
  • Pendants, Powder, and Pathways: A Rapid Assessment of Smuggling Routes and Techniques Used in the Illicit Trade in African Rhino Horn Brochure

    Pendants, Powder, and Pathways: A Rapid Assessment of Smuggling Routes and Techniques Used in the Illicit Trade in African Rhino Horn (application/pdf, 2.54 MB)

    September 19, 2017

    A TRAFFIC report has exposed a disturbing new shift in the illegal trade of African rhino horn. Highly adaptive, transnational criminal networks operating in Southern Africa have begun processing rhino horn locally to evade detection by enforcement agencies and supply ready-made products to seemingly insatiable consumers in China and Vietnam.

    more info
  • New study finds China’s ivory market may be shrinking ahead of incoming domestic ivory ban (application/pdf, 3.93 MB)

    August 12, 2017

    Following China’s announcement late last year of a domestic ivory trade ban by the end of 2017, TRAFFIC and WWF surveys have found that the number of ivory items offered for sale—in both legal and illegal ivory markets in China—has declined alongside falling ivory prices.

    more info
  • The US Elephant Ivory Market: A New Baseline Brochure

    The US Elephant Ivory Market: A New Baseline (application/pdf, 3.29 MB)

    July 26, 2017

    A new trade study led by TRAFFIC, with support from WWF and the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), has established a baseline for the status of the US elephant ivory market around the time that a series of changes to federal regulations were imposed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. 

    more info
  • Wildlife Crime Initiative Annual Update Brochure

    Wildlife Crime Initiative Annual Update (application/pdf, 16.8 MB)

    March 29, 2017

    This annual update covers the second year of the Wildlife Crime Initiative from July 2015-June 2016. 

    more info
  • Elephant poaching costs African economies US $25 million per year in lost tourism revenue – study Brochure

    Elephant poaching costs African economies US $25 million per year in lost tourism revenue – study (application/pdf, 830 KB)

    November 01, 2016

    The current elephant poaching crisis costs African countries around $25 million annually in lost tourism revenue, according to a new study published in the journal Nature Communications. Comparing this lost revenue with the cost of halting declines in elephant populations due to poaching, the study determines that investment in elephant conservation is economically favorable across the majority of African elephants’ range.

    more info
  • A Rapid Assessment of U.S. Physical Ivory Markets Brochure

    A Rapid Assessment of U.S. Physical Ivory Markets (application/pdf, 494 KB)

    October 14, 2016

    This rapid assessment by TRAFFIC of domestic ivory markets in the U.S. finds that state bans seem to be having an impact on reducing the open availability of elephant ivory in formerly significant urban markets.

    more info
  • A Ban on Commercial Elephant Ivory Trade in China: A Feasibility Study Briefing Brochure

    A Ban on Commercial Elephant Ivory Trade in China: A Feasibility Study Briefing (application/pdf, 5.54 MB)

    September 02, 2016

    WWF and TRAFFIC believe that an elephant ivory trade ban in China is feasible and could be effective in contributing to a reduction in current threats to African elephants. Such an ambitious and achievable act could garner positive exposure for China's responsible action on a critical wildlife conservation issue and become a positive influence on other countries' efforts to tackle the illicit elephant ivory trade. 

    more info
  • WWF Position on African Elephant Issues at CITES CoP17 Brochure

    WWF Position on African Elephant Issues at CITES CoP17 (application/pdf, 52.2 KB)

    August 31, 2016

    Since CoP16, international momentum has been building against wildlife crime, with a raft of global declarations and commitments to tackle poaching and wildlife trafficking. This report outlines WWF's stance on African elephant issues at CoP17. 

    more info
  • CITES CoP17: Summary of WWF's Positions on Priority Agenda Items Brochure

    CITES CoP17: Summary of WWF's Positions on Priority Agenda Items (application/pdf, 3 MB)

    August 31, 2016

    Since CoP16, international momentum has been building against wildlife crime, with a raft of global declarations and commitments to tackle poaching and wildlife trafficking. CoP17 represents an opportunity to put these commitments into action through strong measures on wildlife crime, corruption, demand reduction and compliance. 

    more info
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